我印象中一些身边朋友的英文表达,其中有一种简单,可以快速上口但是让我感觉很神奇的表达是:在句子开头使用一个 -ly 结尾的副词。譬如 James (英国人)常讲的“hopefully”, Macro (西班牙人)常讲的 “basically” 。虽然这种表达很简单,但是给人很地道很自然的感受。
功夫师父 James 经常在即时通信工具的聊天上或者当面的聊天中,聊一些生活化的内容和话题,一个句子的开头就是“hopefully”, ” definitely” 等。Marco 是一个生活在新加坡的西班牙朋友,ROS 社区的技术大牛,他的母语是西班牙语,但是英文很不错,他的英文表达,发音和遣词我很容易听明白,印象深刻的是:他在聊话题时常常用“basically”作为一个句子的开头。
于是我想把可以这么使用的 -ly 结尾的,放在句首来起头一个句子的副词做了一个汇总,并通过多加练习来熟悉它的使用。经过查询资料发现,以 “-ly” 结尾的副词放在句首来修饰整个句子,确实是一种常见且地道的英文表达方式。这类副词被称为 句子副词 (sentence adverbs) 或 语篇副词 (discourse adverbs),是用来修饰整个句子的副词。它不仅地道,而且在正式和非正式语境中都广泛使用。这种用法被认为是成熟和 nuanced (细致入微) 的表达方式,能更好地传达说话者的态度、语气和观点,同时可以帮助设置语气、提供背景信息或强调一个观点,使句子更加清晰流畅。
除了 “hopefully” 和 “basically”,还有很多 -ly 副词可以放在句首,表达不同的语气、态度和功能。以下是一些常见的例子,并大致分类:
表达说话者的态度或观点:
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Frankly, I don’t think it’s a good idea. (坦率地说)
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Honestly, I was a bit disappointed. (老实说)
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Clearly, something went wrong. (显然地)
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Obviously, we need to find a solution. (明显地)
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Seriously, we need to talk about this. (认真地说)
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Sadly, the event was cancelled. (遗憾地)
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Fortunately, no one was hurt. (幸运地)
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Unfortunately, I can’t make it to the meeting. (不幸地)
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Surprisingly, she agreed to help. (令人惊讶地)
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Interestingly, the research showed different results. (有趣的是)
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Curiously, the door was unlocked. (奇怪的是)
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Regrettably, we must inform you of our decision. (遗憾地)
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Thankfully, the rain stopped before the game. (庆幸的是)
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Ironically, he failed the test after boasting about it. (讽刺的是)
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Predictably, the stock market reacted negatively. (可预测地)
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Understandably, she was upset after the news. (可以理解地)
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Logically, this is the next step. (逻辑上来说)
表达语气或方式:
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Simply, put the key in the lock and turn it. (简单地)
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Briefly, I’d like to introduce our speaker. (简短地)
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Generally, speaking, people are kind. (一般来说)
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Essentially, this is what we need to do. (本质上)
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Technically, speaking, he is correct. (技术上来说)
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Officially, the meeting is adjourned. (正式地)
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Personally, I think it’s a great idea. (我个人认为)
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Confidentially, I can tell you a secret. (私下里)
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Theoretically, this approach should work. (理论上)
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Practically, speaking, it’s very difficult. (实际上来说)
连接句子或段落,表示逻辑关系或时间顺序:
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Consequently, we had to cancel the trip. (因此)
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Subsequently, the investigation began. (随后)
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Initially, we thought it was a minor problem. (最初)
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Finally, we reached an agreement. (最终)
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Eventually, she succeeded in her career. (最终)
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Meanwhile, the other team was preparing. (与此同时)
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Furthermore, we need to consider the budget. (此外)
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Therefore, we should proceed with caution. (因此)
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Thus, we have reached a conclusion. (因此)
我自己目前最常用的:
- hopefully
- basically
- roughly
- definitely
- absolutely
共性特点:
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修饰整个句子 (Sentence Adverb): 这些 -ly 副词 不修饰句子中的某个特定词语 (如动词或形容词),而是 修饰整个句子的意思或说话者的态度。它们是对整个命题 (proposition) 或说话行为 (speech act) 进行修饰。
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例如,在 “Hopefully, the weather will be good tomorrow” 中,”hopefully” 不是修饰 “weather” 或 “will be good”,而是修饰整个句子 “the weather will be good tomorrow”,表达说话者对 “天气好” 这个情况的希望。
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表达说话者的主观性 (Subjectivity): 很多句子副词都带有 说话者的主观色彩,表达说话者的态度、判断、情感、预期、评估等。
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例如,”Frankly” 表示说话者要坦诚表达观点; “Surprisingly” 表示说话者对某事感到惊讶; “Unfortunately” 表示说话者对某事感到遗憾。
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引导或组织语篇 (Discourse Function): 一些句子副词可以 引导或组织语篇,帮助连接句子或段落,表示逻辑关系、时间顺序、强调重点等。
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例如,”Consequently” 表示因果关系; “Furthermore” 表示进一步补充; “Finally” 表示总结或结束。
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位置灵活但句首最突出: 句子副词的位置比较灵活,可以放在句首、句中或句末。但是,放在句首是最常见和最突出的位置,能够更清晰地表明副词的修饰对象是整个句子,并起到强调和引导的作用。
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语气和语域 (Tone and Register): 选择不同的句子副词可以 ** subtly 改变句子的语气和语域**。例如,使用 “frankly” 或 “honestly” 可以使句子显得更直接和真诚; 使用 “technically” 或 “theoretically” 可以使句子显得更严谨和专业。
总结:
使用 -ly 副词开头句子是一种地道、自然且富有表现力的英文表达方式。它们作为句子副词,修饰整个句子,表达说话者的态度、观点和语气,并能起到组织语篇的作用。 掌握这些副词的用法,可以使你的英文表达更加 nuanced, sophisticated, and impactful (细致入微、老练成熟、富有影响力)。